Mediastinoscopy is a medical procedure used to investigate and diagnose conditions within the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the chest located between the lungs. It is typically employed when there is a suspicion of certain diseases or conditions, such as lung cancer, lymphoma, infections, or inflammatory disorders, affecting the structures in this region. It’s a safe and effective procedure, typically performed under general anesthesia. During a mediastinoscopy, we make a small incision at the base of the neck and inserts a thin, flexible tube with a camera, called an endoscope. This enables direct visualization of the mediastinal structures and allows us to obtain tissue samples from the lymph nodes and other areas within the mediastinum. These tissue samples are crucial for accurate diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning, particularly in cases where other diagnostic methods like imaging or biopsies are inconclusive or insufficient.